Estudos da Paz: origens, desenvolvimentos e desafios críticos atuais
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21530/ci.v12n1.2017.611Palavras-chave:
Conflito, Galtung, Pesquisa da paz, Resolução de conflito, ViolênciaResumo
Embora os estudos da paz coloquem no núcleo da sua agenda de pesquisa alguns dos desafios mais graves e urgentes do nosso tempo ─ incluindo todas as formas de violência, as causas dos conflitos e as condições para a paz ─, é curioso notar a marginalidade, ou quase invisibilidade, dessa disciplina no meio acadêmico brasileiro, bem como a escassez de bibliografia produzida no Brasil dedicada às bases conceituais e metodológicas próprias dessa área de estudos. A fim de contribuir para uma maior visibilidade dos estudos da paz, este artigo tem por objetivo traçar um panorama geral do percurso de consolidação dos estudos da paz como disciplina acadêmica, desde o seu nascimento na década de 1950 até a atualidade. Dentro desse propósito, o artigo procura destacar as origens e os elementos definidores centrais dos estudos da paz, os desenvolvimentos conceituais sobre a violência e a paz ocorridos na obra de Johan Galtung, considerado uma das referências centrais dessa área de estudos, e os principais desdobramentos e desafios dos estudos da paz na atualidade.
Downloads
Referências
AZAR, Edward. The Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory & Cases. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1990.
AZAR, Edward. Protracted Social Conflicts and Second Track Diplomacy. In DAVIES, J.; KAUFMAN, E. (Eds.) Second Track/ Citizens’ Diplomacy: Concepts and Techniques for Conflict Transformation. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, Capítulo 1, p. 15-30.
BALLENTINE, Karen; SHERMAN, Jake. The political Economy of Armed Conflict: beyond greed and grievance. London: Lynne Rienner, 2003.
BEALL, Jo. Cities, Terrorism and Development. Journal of International Development, v.18, n.1, 2006, p. 105-120.
BEALL, Jo; GOODFELLOW, Tom; RODGERS, Dennis. Cities and conflict in fragile states in the developing world. Urban Studies, v.50, n.15, 2013, p. 3009-3115.
BERDAL, Mats; MALONE, David M. (Eds.). Greed and Grievance: economic agendas in civil wars. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000.
BLEIKER, Roland. Aesthetics and World Politics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
BOULDING, Keneth. Nonviolence and Power in the Twentieth Century. In ZUNES, S.; KURTZ, L. B.; ASHER, S. B. (Eds.) Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1999, Capítulo 1, p. 9-17.
BUZAN, Barry; HANSEN, Lene. The Evolution of International Security Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
CHANDLER, David. International Statebuilding: The Rise of Post-Liberal Governance. London: Routledge, 2010.
COLLIER, Paul; HOEFFLER, Anke. On Economic Causes of Civil War. Oxford Economic Papers, v. 50, 1998, p. 563-573.
DENCIK, Lars. Peace Research: Pacification or Revolution? Notes on an Intra‑peace Research Conflict. In International Peace Research Association Proceedings, 3rd General conference, v. 1, 1970, p. 79.
DILLON, Michael; REID, Julian. The Liberal way of War: Killing to make Life Live. Londres: Routledge, 2009.
DUDOUET, Véronique. Nonviolent Resistance and Conflict Transformation in Power Asymmetries. Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, 2008.
DUDOUET, Véronique. Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from Armed to Nonviolent Struggle. Abingdon: Routledge, 2015.
DUFFIELD, Mark. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. London: Zed Books, 2001.
DUFFIELD, Mark. Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007.
DUFFIELD, Mark. The Liberal Way of Development and the Development–Security Impasse: Exploring the Global Life-Chance Divide. Security Dialogue, v. 41, n. 1, 2010, p. 53–76.
DUNN, David J. The First Years of Peace Research: A Survey and Interpretation. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005.
GALTUNG, Johan. Pacifism from a Sociological Point of View. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v. 3, n. 1, 1959, p. 67-84.
GALTUNG, Johan. Violence, Peace and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, v. 6, n. 3, 1969, p. 167-191.
GALTUNG, Johan. A Structural Theory of Imperialism. Journal of Peace Research, v. 8, n. 2, 1971, p. 81-117.
GALTUNG, Johan. Three Approaches to Peace: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking and Peacebuilding. In GALTUNG, Johan (Ed.) Essays in peace research, vol. 2. Copenhagen: Ejlers, 1976, Capítulo II, p. 282-304.
GALTUNG, Johan. Twenty-Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses. Journal of Peace Research, v. 22, n. 2, 1985, p. 141-158.
GALTUNG, Johan. Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research, v. 27, n. 3, 1990, p. 291-305.
GALTUNG, Johan. Peace by Peacefull Means. London: SAGE, 1996.
GALTUNG, Johan. Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution: The Need for Transdisciplinarity. Transcultural Psychiatry, v. 47, n. 1, 2010, p. 20-32.
GRAHAM, Stephen. Cities under Siege: The New Military Urbanism. London: Verso, 2010.
HUTCHISON, Emma; BLEIKER, Roland. Emotional Reconciliation Reconstituting Identity and Community after Trauma. European Journal of Social Theory, v.11, n.3, 2008, p.385–403.
JABRI, Vivienne. Peacebuilding, the local and the international: a colonial or a postcolonial rationality? Peacebuilding, v.1, n. 1, 2013, p. 3-16.
JCR. An Editorial. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v. 1, n. 1, 1957, p. 1-2.
JPR. An Editorial. Journal of Peace Research, v. 1, n. 1, 1964, p. 1-4.
KALDOR, Mary. New and Old Wars: organized violence in a global era. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.
KEEN, David. The economic functions of violence in civil wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.
LEDERACH, John P. Preparing for Peace. Conflict Transformation Across Cultures. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995.
LEDERACH, John P. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997
LEDERACH, John P. The Little Book of conflict transformation. Intercourse: Good Books, 2003.
LIOTTA, P.; MISKEL, J. The Real Population Bomb: Megacities, Global Security & the Map of the Future. Dulles: Potomac Books, 2012.
MAC GINTY, Roger. Indigenous Peace-Making versus the Liberal Peace. Cooperation and Conflict, v. 43, n. 2, 2008, p. 139-163.
MOURA, Tatiana. Novíssimas Guerras: Espaços, Identidades e Espirais da Violência Armada. Coimbra: Almedina, 2010.
MUGAH, Robert. Deconstructing the fragile city: exploring insecurity, violence and resilience. Environment & Urbanization, v.26, n.2, 2014, p.345-358.
ONU. A/3302 (1956) Report of the Secretary-General on the plan for an emergency international United Nations force. New York: United Nations, 1956.
ONU. A/47/277 (1992) An Agenda for Peace. New York: United Nations, 1992.
PORTER, Elisabeth. Peacebuilding: Women in international perspective. London: Routledge, 2007.
PUGH, Michael; COOPER, Neil. War economies in a regional context: challenges of transformation. London: Lynne Rienner, 2004.
PUGH, Michael. The Political Economy of Peacebuilding: A Critical Theory Perspective. International Journal of Peace Studies, v. 10, n. 2, 2005, p. 23-42.
PUREZA, José Manuel. O Desafio Crítico dos Estudos para a Paz.
Relações Internacionais, v. 32, 2011, p. 5‑22.
PUREZA, José Manuel; CRAVO, Teresa. Margem crítica e legitimação nos estudos para a paz. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, v. 71, 2005, p. 5-19.
RASMUSSEN, Mikkel V. The West, Civil Society and the Construction of Peace. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2003.
RAMSBOTHAM, Oliver; WOODHOUSE, Tom; MIALL, Hugh. Contemporary Conflict Resolution. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008.
RENO, William. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999.
RICHMOND, Oliver P. The Transformation of Peace. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2007a.
RICHMOND, Oliver P. Dadaism and the Peace Differend. Alternatives, v. 32, n. 4, 2007b, p. 445-472.
RICHMOND, Oliver P. A Post-liberal Peace. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011a.
RICHMOND, Oliver P. Critical agency, resistance and a post-colonial civil society. Cooperation and Conflict, v. 46, n. 4, 2011b, p. 419-440.
RICHMOND, Oliver P.; MITCHELL, Audra (org.). Hybrid Forms of Peace: From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2012.
RODGERS, Dennis. Slum wars of the 21st century: gangs, mano dura and the new urban geography of conflict in Central America. Development and Change, v.40, n.5, 2009, p. 949-976.
SHARP, Gene. The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Vol. I – Power and Struggle; Vol. II – The Methods of Nonviolent Action; Vol. III – The Dynamics of Nonviolent Action). Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973.
SCHMID, Herman. Peace Research and Politics. Journal of Peace Research, v. 5, n. 3, 1968, p. 217-232.
STOHL, Michael; CHAMBERLAIN, Mary. Alternative futures for peace research. Journal of Conflict Resolution, v. 16, n. 4, 1972, p. 523-530.
TURNER, Mandy. Completing the Circle: Peacebuilding as Colonial Practice in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. International Peacekeeping, v. 19, n. 4, 2012, p. 492-507.
VÄYRYNEN, Raimo (ed.). New Directions on Conflict Theory: Conflict Resolution and Conflict Transformation. London: Sage, 1991.
VÄYRYNEN, Raimo. From Conflict Resolution to Conflict Transformation: A Critical Review. In JEONG, Ho-Won (Ed.) The New Agenda for Peace Research. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, Capítulo 7.
WAEVER, Ole. Peace and Security: Two concepts and their relationship. In GUZZINNI, Stefano e JUNG, Dietrich (Eds.) Contemporary Security Analysis and Copenhagen Peace Research. London: Routledge, 2004, Capítulo 5, p. 53-66.
WIBERG, Hakan. Investigação para a Paz: Passado, Presente e Futuro. Revista Crítica de Ciências Sociais, n. 71, 2005, p. 21-42.
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
