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)
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 15, n. 2, 2020, p. 111-136
113Natali Hoff; Ramon Blanco
do crescimento das cidades ao redor do globo
3
, e sua frequente associação com
o aumento da desigualdade econômica e da violência nesses espaços
4
, são cada
vez mais compreendidos como questões que não se encerram nas fronteiras
nacionais dos Estados e que, portanto, devem ser analisadas desde perspectivas
que considerem a segurança e estabilidade internacionais. Essa tendência analítica
é fortalecida pela consolidação da percepção de que existem cidades que podem
ser classificadas como cronicamente violentas — tais como Abidjan, Baghdad,
Rio de Janeiro, Guatemala, Mogadishu, Grozny (Savage; Muggat, 2012). Sob este
entendimento, essas cidades supostamente afetam as instituições domésticas dos
Estados nos quais estão inseridas e, em consequência, terminam por exportar
insegurança e ameaças à comunidade internacional. Para esse tipo de interpretação,
a violência nas cidades está, frequentemente, relacionada a uma “nova forma de
conflito”, que se desenvolve no perímetro urbano e envolve a disputa pelo poder
entre autoridades do Estado e atores violentos não-estatais (Graham, 2009, 12).
Nesse contexto analítico sobre as cidades e os seus impactos para a segurança
internacional, o conceito de cidade falida emerge como nova categoria social,
que buscaria unir as temáticas voltados ao desenvolvimento das cidades com a
preocupação com a segurança no espaço urbano. Por conseguinte, tal conceito
acaba por produzir um novo quadro epistêmico de sustentação às técnicas de
governo das cidades. De modo geral, pode-se afirmar, que esse conceito se destina
a explicar as cidades, nas quais a dificuldade das autoridades em manter o
monopólio do uso legítimo da força leva ao rompimento do contrato social entre
Estado e população e, em casos extremos, conduz ao colapso total dos sistemas
de governança e dos aparatos de segurança municipais (Muggah, 2012). Esse
enquadramento, inevitavelmente, acaba por possibilitar a ascensão de novas formas
de ingerência política sobre as cidades e sobre suas populações, direcionadas a
gerenciar, controlar e modificar os processos sociais inerentes a elas.
3 De acordo com o Relatório “World Urbanization Prospects”, publicado em 2018 pelo Departamento dos
Assuntos Econômicos e Sociais (DESA), a população urbana mundial tem crescido rapidamente, passando de
aproximadamente 750 milhões em 1950 — 30% da população mundial — para 4,22 bilhões em 2018 — 55,3%
da população mundial. O relatório ainda traz uma projeção na qual aponta que a população urbana no mundo
deve chegar à 6,8 bilhões em 2050, isto é, a 60% da população mundial (DESA, 2019).
4 O relatório “Urban Violence and Humanitarian Challenges”, elaborado conjuntamente pelo Comitê Internacional
da Cruz Vermelha (CICV) e pelo Instituto de Estudos de Segurança da União Europeia (EUISS) apresenta como
causas para a violência urbana a ampla negligência e marginalização, por parte dos Estados, para com as
populações que vivem em assentamentos urbanos ou favelas (Apraxine et al, 2012). De acordo com o relatório,
isso ocorre porque, além desses espaços serem ocupados por grupos economicamente vulneráveis, a ausência
do Estado torna possível a ocorrência diária de violência armada envolvendo confronto entre gangues, facções
criminosas e/ou narcotraficantes com agentes da lei para o controle do território (Idem).