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)
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 15, n. 2, 2020, p. 137-162
145Marina D’Lara Siqueira Santos; Matheus de Abreu Costa Souza; Geraldine Rosas Duarte
violência pelos atores envolvidos ou por atos violentos esporádicos, que levam
os conflitos a uma situação de congelamento, em que as partes não se enfrentam
com muita constância, mas também não estão dispostas a negociar. No caso de
conflitos violentos, o recurso de uso da força, quando utilizada em demasia,
aumenta a intratabilidade de um conflito. Nesse sentido, quando a violência é
utilizada como forma de repressão, é possível identificar que as partes adotam
posturas ainda mais antagônicas. A última característica dos conflitos intratáveis
é que apresentam altos níveis de antagonismo, o que leva as partes a terem uma
autoimagem de que elas são as vítimas, excluindo suas responsabilidades como
perpetradoras da violência. Além disso, esse antagonismo pode estar relacionado
a aspectos identitários, como religião, cultura, etnia, dentre outros (Crocker,
Hampson e Aall 2004).
Todas as características dos conflitos intratáveis são identificáveis no conflito
Israel-Palestina. Primeiramente, observa-se que, em 2018, o conflito completou
setenta anos de duração, tendo início em 1948 com a declaração e independência
de Israel. Analisando a segunda e terceira características da intratabilidade,
percebe-se que, de modo geral, elas caminham juntas no conflito: em um primeiro
momento houve um congelamento das negociações, e quando elas começaram de
fato, a partir de 1993, com o reconhecimento mútuo das partes
10
, grande parte das
futuras negociações foram antecedidas ou sucedidas por episódios de violência
11
(Massoulié 1996).
A última característica dos conflitos intratáveis, relacionada à construção
dos antagonismos e à vitimização das partes, também está presente no conflito
Israel-Palestina. Além dos fatores de antagonismos já discutidos, a vitimização é
característica fundamental da construção mútua de mitos fundacionais. Para os
israelenses, a vitória em 1948 contra os árabes é considerada um milagre, criando
uma analogia da Guerra de 1948 com o confronto bíblico de David e o gigante
Golias, ignorando a superioridade bélica que os israelenses tinham em relação aos
árabes e focando na superioridade quantitativa do inimigo. Para eles, a vitória de
10 Como Peter Wallensteen (2007) esclarece, o processo de resolução de um conflito consiste em uma situação na
qual as partes entram em acordo para resolver suas incompatibilidades. Tal acordo indica que cada oponente
aceita que o outro continue existindo enquanto uma “parte”, no sentido de que aceitam que o outro lado seja,
no futuro, um ator com o qual tenham que negociar. Isso significa que nenhum dos lados vence totalmente,
ganhando tudo o que é possível, mas significa, também, que nenhuma das partes perde tudo, de modo que
ninguém se torna o único perdedor.
11 Exemplos: Acordos de Oslo (1993), que sucedeu a Primeira Intifada (1988-1993); Acordos de Camp David (2000),
que antecederam a Segunda Intifada (2000-2005); e The Road Map for Peace (2005), que antecedeu diversas
operações militares de Israel na Faixa de Gaza (Harms e Ferry 2017).