![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 14, n. 3, 2019, p. 168-191
185Rodrigo Augusto Duarte Amaral
The Iraqi insurgency wasn’t a united movement led by a leadership with a
single ideological vision. Instead, it involved former regime loyalists, Iraqis resentful
of foreign occupation, foreign and domestic Islamic extremists, and elements of
organized crime to sustain them economically. Even after an Iraqi government
election in 2005, these insurgent groups maintained their resistance.
Between 2008 and 2013, Iraq had 36,000 civilian deaths from violence. This
data demonstrate a great reduction in the actions of the insurgent groups in the Iraqi
territory, while in 2006 and 2007 the number of deaths was 55,000 (IRAQ BODY
COUNT, 2019). However, this wasn’t a result of improving the Iraqi defense and
security structure. And the rise of Islamic State (ISIS) (2013) showed its weaknesses.
ISIS represented the largest enemy of post-occupation Iraq, taking in its apex in
2015 almost 30,000 combatants (almost half of them in Iraqi territory) and taking
for itself a great amount of Iraq’s territory, mainly in the country’s west and north.
The rise of the ISIS in Iraq came from the group formed by Abu Musab
Al Zarqawi, which worked in northern Iraq in early 2000’s. During the 2000’s
Zarqawi’s group thrive in six provinces with heavy Sunni populations: Anbar,
Nineweh, Salah-al-Din, Diyala, northern Babil, and Baghdad. As the Shia Arab
majority in Iraq began to assume control of the state, concomitantly with the
USA-led CPA implementing de-Baathification and Iraqi’s Army dissolution, many
Sunni found themselves unemployed and disenfranchised from the government
they once controlled. These conditions fed the rise of the diffuse Sunni insurgency
and later, ISIS. (JONES et al, 2017).
ISIS control peaked in fall 2014 at an estimated 6.3 million people, or 19%
of the population. Most of this territory (58,372 km
2
) was in the provinces of
Anbar, Ninawa, Kirkuk, and Salah ad Din. By winter 2016–2017, the Iraqi security
forces—aided by Sunni, Shi’a, and Kurdish militia, Iran, the USA, and other allied
forces—took back territory from an overstretched ISIS in Mosul, Sinjar, Bayji,
Tikrit, Ramadi, and other cities. ISIS territorial control declined to 1.1 million
people (an 83% drop) and 15,682 km
2
(a 73% decrease) (JONES et al., 2017). An
important theme on the context of the war against the ISIS, was the resumption
of international troops in Iraq in 2015. It was the resumption of international
military action in the country just four years after the withdrawal of the last
troops (2011), representing the fourth time that Americans intervened in Iraq, in
a space of 25 years, but it was the first time that this international intervention
came with Iraqi’s government consensus.