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)
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 11, n. 2, 2016, p. 74-98
85
Jacqueline A. Haffner, Jose Mauricío Silvestre
têm condições de operação e criação de empregos no estrangeiro se a tecnologia
pode ser operada por trabalhadores de baixos salários nos países atrasados,
enquanto transferem os acréscimos de produtividade do trabalho, decorrentes
do avanço tecnológico, para os trabalhadores dos países avançados, através dos
preços da produção intermediária e final e outros mecanismos de transferência
de riqueza
7
. Nesse sentido, a globalização da produção pode contribuir para
ampliar os diferenciais de salários entre trabalhadores especializados e não
especializados dentro e entre os países. Pois, a maior produtividade do trabalho
implica aumento de salários, embora não represente um acréscimo da massa
salarial. O que se observa é justamente o contrário, uma queda da massa
7 As controvérsias em torno da transferência de riqueza ainda estão longe de terminar, principalmente entre os
teóricos da dependência e do desenvolvimento desigual. Por exemplo, enquanto alguns argumentam que a
diferença salarial entre centro e periferia conduz a diferença de preços, Amin (1976) acrescenta que a diferença
de produtividade favorece o centro, não sendo os preços, mas as diferenças salariais, que constituem a base
da especialização e determinam o sistema internacional de preços que perpetua a desigualdade. De acordo
com Amin (1976), devido aos baixos salários no centro, o capitalismo competitivo se caracterizava pela
(quase) igualdade nas trocas entre centro e periferia. Os aumentos salariais no centro decorrentes da maior
produtividade e a mobilidade do capital criaram as condições das trocas desiguais, provocando o bloqueio do
desenvolvimento capitalista e a emergência de uma periferia atrofiada, em parte pré-capitalista. Esse capitalismo
periférico se fundamentaria, portanto, no aumento da produtividade no centro e no surgimento das ETNs.
O seu desenvolvimento estaria bloqueado pela maior competitividade industrial do centro que, por sua vez,
estaria compelindo a periferia a desempenhar o papel de fornecedora de produtos primários. Quando o baixo
nível salarial na periferia, resultante dessa distorção na DIT, se igualasse ao nível da produtividade no centro,
seria possível um desenvolvimento industrial (limitado) voltado para o mercado interno na periferia, ainda
que mantendo a troca desigual (industrialização via substituição de importações). O nível da produtividade
e sua evolução em diferentes atividades seriam, portanto, cruciais na determinação dos salários e do sistema
internacional de preços, que constituiriam a base da especialização desigual. Contudo, apesar das vantagens
comparativas na produção primária (agrícola e mineral), o emprego gerado na periferia não seria suficiente para
absorver a oferta de trabalho. Esse desemprego contraria a teoria da especialização internacional (pós-Ricardo),
baseada no pleno emprego. Mas, para Amin (1976), o comércio internacional pode causar desemprego quando há
mobilidade de capital e a diferença nas produtividades ultrapassar a diferença nos salários, pois a especialização
é determinada pelos custos absolutos e não relativos, e a especialização desigual depende da especificidade dos
preços que, por sua vez, é baseada na produtividade e, sua evolução, nos diferentes ramos da produção. Brewer
(1990), que critica a teoria da dependência de Amin (1976) pela possibilidade de transferência tecnológica, não
consegue entender a persistência do diferencial de produtividade entre centro e periferia. Ele lamenta a teoria
não ter eliminado a dependência efetiva. Diz ele: se a estrutura de preços do centro pode ser transmitida para
a periferia, a taxa de rendimento dos fatores nos diferentes ramos de produção será a mesma, dada a igualdade
das condições técnicas; então, se pergunta, por que tecnologia e produtividade não são transferidas junto com o
capital para a periferia, dado que a superexploração aparece como superlucros das ETNs produzindo na periferia,
ainda que através da troca desigual? Além disso, acrescenta, no capitalismo concorrencial, quando os salários
eram baixos e a tecnologia estava em mãos de poucos trabalhadores especializados, havia pouco incentivo
para mudança das firmas para a periferia, mas, atualmente, dadas a elevada diferença salarial e a experiência
das ETNs na transferência de tecnologia, por que ainda persiste a diferença de produtividade entre centro e
periferia? Brewer não entende que a transferência de tecnologia é seletiva, senão não haveria especificidade
de preços no comércio internacional. Em todo caso, a teoria da dependência está mais centrada no comércio
internacional, e tem uma utilidade restrita no estudo da desindustrialização. Isso não significa que não possa
ser explorada teoricamente para a explicação desse tema.