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vy40l+IslPJvmpJJ9P8tNJfibJzyb5uSQ/n+QXkvxikl9K8stJfiXJryb5QpIvJvlSkl9L8utJfiPJbyb5rSS/nav/LG+a37nANf9ekt99zs/9/pnv/8EFnvcPLzjef5Lkj5L8cZI/PfM7f5bkL5P8eZK/OPW9v3rGc/91kr9J8rff4Pt/9/ixv7+FfwcAALfR/wEItT/IACHLdAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Pedro Rocha Fleury Curado; Gabriel Gonçalves Ribeiro
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 16, n. 3, e1175, 2021
9-24
Após a dissolução da URSS, uma série de medidas foram adotadas por Moscou
para manter sua influência sobre as ex-repúblicas soviéticas (Ciziunas 2008).
A existência de uma diáspora russa foi utilizada como fundamento para que o
governo de Bóris Iéltsin (1991-1999) criasse, em 1993, a “Política do Exterior
Próximo” (Sencerman 2016). Tal doutrina autorizava a Rússia a não somente
intervir militarmente para proteger as populações russófonas fora de seu território,
mas também mencionava o direito de defender “interesses vitais” da Rússia
nas ex-repúblicas soviéticas (Pomfret 2005; Sencerman 2016). No contexto do
surgimento do novo Estado russo, nos anos 1990, a Política do Exterior Próximo
se somava à iniciativa da Comunidade dos Estados Independentes (CEI)5 e à
Organização do Tratado de Segurança Coletiva (OTSC)6 como instrumentos de
manutenção da influência russa sobre a antiga periferia soviética (Sencerman
2016). Trataremos primeiramente dos impactos econômicos de tais iniciativas
para, em seguida, analisarmos a dimensão securitária.
A despeito de iniciativas como a CEI, os anos seguintes à independência
expuseram o progressivo redirecionamento do comércio cazaque para outros
parceiros de fora do bloco. O relativo descolamento da economia cazaque em
relação à Rússia está exposto nos gráficos abaixo (figuras 1 e 2). Enquanto, em
1995, a Rússia representava quase 50% das exportações e importações cazaques,
esses números haviam baixado, em 2019, para 9,7% e 37%, respectivamente7.
Assim, embora o peso das importações russas mantenha-se atualmente expressivo,
a Rússia deixou de ser o principal destino das exportações ao mesmo tempo
em que o mercado chinês adquiriu relevo (especialmente após 2007, quando
as exportações para a China ultrapassaram, em volume, aquelas destinadas
à Rússia). O déficit comercial cazaque em relação à Rússia é reforçado por
acordos comerciais bilaterais e aqueles firmados no âmbito da União Econômica
Eurasiática (UEE)8. Outro ponto importante a se verificar: os Estados Unidos,
apesar do leve incremento do comércio praticado com o Cazaquistão, no início
5 Criada em 1991, a CEI originalmente integrava a Bielorússia e a Ucrânia, além da Rússia. Posteriormente,
adentraram os seguintes países: Geórgia, Armênia, Cazaquistão, Azerbaijão, Quirguistão, Tajiquistão, Uzbequistão
e Moldávia. Geórgia e Ucrânia foram membros em períodos distintos.
6 A OTSC foi criada em 1992. É atualmente composta por Rússia, Armênia, Bielorússia, Cazaquistão, Quirguistão
e Tadjiquistão. Azerbaijão, Geórgia e Uzbequistão foram membros em períodos distintos.
7 Em 1995, as exportações do Cazaquistão para a Rússia corresponderam a US$2.361 bilhões, enquanto as
importações alcançaram US$1.898 bilhão. Já em 2019, as exportações para a Rússia atingiram o montante de
US$5.602 bilhões, enquanto as importações de produtos russos alcançaram US$14.065 bilhões.
8 Formada em 2014, a UEE substituiu a antiga Comunidade Econômica Eurasiática (CEE). Seus integrantes são:
Cazaquistão, Quirguistão, Rússia, Bielorrússia e Armênia.