![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnkAAAYrCAIAAADoYjwZAAAACXBIWXMAABYlAAAWJQFJUiTwAAAdFElEQVR42u3dbXPaSKKA0QYZIQSMbJV3fDOTmdTO//9Pe2t276ScdYgJIDBYaD8410v8ChgIxud8shNbvKXqibql7lpVVWF1VVV9/PhxXBStNH337l2tVgsAwEPqLwltCGFcFB8/flwv2ACgtc+E9obcAsDGWns/tHILABtr7WOhlVsA2EBrnw7tbW7L62vvKQCs3NplQgsArN/a8vp6mdDmeX7UaHhPAWDl1i4jz/OTPPeGAsAdtSWvZvrS6/V6vbVD+/SvyzYAzmvDSZ7nj/Rvs6ENIfR6vS+r/DwAHEJrH8vts6G9ns16q4ezp7UAvMHW3s+twV4AeNbRqr9wkufNJJmXZT2K0jT1DgLAhlsbQpBYAFhe3VsAAFoLAK/Y0dq/OZ/Pp9PpuCiGw+F0Oo3j+Kcsy7LMewoAL2rtdDodj8ej0ejOqo3T6fTi3/+O6vVOt+ttBYDVWluW5bgoRkUxHAye/snz8/N2p1Or1byzAPBMa+fz+WQyKYpiOBiUZbn8EWezWRzH3lkAeKC1VVVdXV3dTsGud8TxeLzY2qNGI8/zVdeB+vX9e58NAIfT2qqqvn79en8Kdj2j0ejOFVIneV6PoslksuQRsixLksRnA8BhqF1fX//zzz9XGiV+1t//+KNedzcRAIQQQv3i4mKzoQ0hrD3+DAAH2NqNjBvfsY1jAsBrbe02DjocDr2zAPCttdtYemI6nW58XBoAXqmjNE37l5cbP+7V1dWD2wFVVfX58+eyLIeDQRRFnW43TdNmsxlFkQ8DgMNsbbPZ3MZxi6J4sLWXX77cpr0sy/7l5c23cRx3Op1WmsZx7BpmAA6qtVEUxXG88SuHh4PB6enpnT+cTqePLWrx7a96vRBCK03b7Xar1bL+FACH0NoQQqfTWXVdp2eVZXk9mx01Got/+PXr12V+d1wUt1cyd7rddpq20tQgMwCvuLWtNA2bbm0IYTKZdL5v7RoTw8PB4GbDg9vJ3SRJDDID8Mpau6Wh2lFRLF7kfD2bvfBE+f7kbrPZtKcQAK+gtfV6vZWm216AYvn1kJ91f3K3naZ3xqsBYI9aG0Jot9sbb237++uQvz639+16biZ3L0IIIbz75ZcHL34GgB/o28Rnq9Xa7HE73W6707n9tqqqHSzc+PGvvy4uLqqq8rkCsHfntZuasr29gunO+eXsZZO1y+tfXh5nmfFkAPautTdnosN1h3lv7sxJkuSxyI3H4529pOm9e40AYC9a207TlVobx/FPWdZqtRqNxrMXA3/t93f2kuaWYgZgP1vbWuKqoiiKsixbdSXF+Xy+yx1tndQCsKetjaIoz/MHF5DKjo9fskPAjreOt7IjAHva2hDC8clJOZ+Pi2I6nbbS9Kdu94kp2OXtcjtbWxcAsNetrdVq9zcMeLnhdu6sfVBn4UYjANgHWz8FLMtyl/vGt7UWgLfW2qurq12+noYLowB4a60d7HAAuZWmtiIA4M21dpeTte122ycKwNtq7fWulmb81lobDwDw5lq72yWcrGIBwJtr7dFaa1+sZ3FfegB4K62Njo529kq6WgvAG2xtrVY7OzvbzStpNps+TgDeXGtDCJ1u98OHD9teoziKomiH49UAsMKZZ1VVu3mksiyvrq6KohgOBhtfSSrP85M893EC8KZbu+h6NptMJqOi2NTdt7++f58kiY8TAK29q6qq2Ww2Ho+/9vsv2Xrv73/8YXsfAPbT0Y99+FqtFsdxHMdZlt1sKT8uin6/v9Igs330AHBeu7Lbyd3+5eWzP3x2dubmWgC0dn03k7tfB4NxUdz/2+z4eBt77gLAG2rtrZvJ3dFwOBwOQwhxsxk3GscnJ/b2AUBrAeDtckkRAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQCA1gKA1gKA1gIAWgsAWgsAWgsAaC0AaC0AaC0AoLUAoLUAgNYCgNYCgNYCAFoLAFoLAFoLAGgtAGgtAKC1AKC1AKC1AIDWAoDWAoDWAgBaCwBaCwBaCwBoLQBoLQCgtQCgtQDwuh15CwDgMWVZXlxchBCyLEuSZL2D1Kqq8lYCwIOh/eeff5ZlefPtr+/fr5dbY8gA8HxoQwj/969/TSYTrQWArYT2JbnVWgBYKrRr51ZrAeA7FxcXj4V2vdxqLQCsbKXcai0AfOf09DSKomd/rN/vay0ArCOKot9+/32Z3C7J/bUAHIiqqj5//vz0VOvy569PXyEVQjj929+yLNNaAN5QaD9+/Dguig2evz6R2zzPT/J8yQcyhgzAIRgNhyuFNiysv7hqjFcKrdYCwGrnvquGNth7AACWye3NGXCSJEvO0WotAKyW27Ozs7V/3RgyAGyX1gLAdhlDBoDvVFU1Gg5HRRFCaKdpkiRHjYbWAsDGfPr0aTgY3Hx9+0V2fJymabPZXGM9Ka0FgP8qiuK2r4v6l5f9y8sQQhRFWZa10jSO43p9qalYrQWA71r79A+UZdnr9UKvF0JopWm73W61Wo1Go1araS0Ah6yVplEULb8Y8o37N8s+eFL7mHFR3C5W1el2H5vctR4yAAfi2d0C7vj1/fskSe4c4X//8Y8XPo0oijrdbpqmSZLcDDJrLQCHYz6fz5drba1ev3+V03AwOD8/39STiaLof969S5JEawHgm/Pz85XGkJfx4cMHa1kAwH/Pazd+zMlkorUAEEII0+l0S0fWWgAIIYTxeLyNwx41Gu75AeDAz1bH4/FkMkmSJKrX03b7sQUoRqPRNp5AHMdaC8ChKctyXBSj71eAuvm6labv3r27v+7EfD4fP7eKxRpaaVqv17UWgEMwn8+n0+lwOBwOBk/cYjsuis+fP5+ent4//d3Gs2q328G6UQC8XlVVzWaz0XA4HA6Xj2X/8jLP8zsjyds4qQ0htFotrQXg9bmezUZFMRqN1g7kZDJJ03TxT4bD4TaeaqPR0FoAXoeyLK+urgaDwUZugS2KYrG1ZVluYwy50+3eTAxrLQB76mYKdlwU/X5/1U0FnjYcDBanbKv5fBvPv/3/OddaAPbOcDD48uXL9haXKMvyeja73ZDn/s48G3G7sYG1LADYI1VV/fXXX+fn59sL7Y3JZLL4bZ7nmz1+FEW3CddaAPbIp0+ftnRJ8B2j7x/lJM/f/fJLHMebOn6n27392hgyAHtkN6ENIQwHg59//nlxUYs0TdPff1/yPt1nLV57pbUA7JHNXgP1tNlsdv9Etl6vJ0mSJMnp6elLLn5e3IVeawF4q+fQ4/HTg8ZRFKVpmqbp2dnZSjf1xnG8uFaG1gKwRzrd7jY2kX3QaDTKsmzJHz5qNLIsy7JsmcWqTk5OvvtdnysA+6Odpjtr7bgo5vP5Y9v+PKZWq8VxHOf5SZ7P5/PJZFIUxeLkbnZ8vHhhlNYCsF8Wpzl3YDqdvuQR6/X6zSDzzeRuNZ/Xo+h+vN3zA8AeOWo0oija2cNt8LLnmxtqHzxL1loA9sudAdit2tKWA1oLwF67swPPVk2n0x3cZaS1AOyXZrO5y4e7urrSWgDeliiKNrhW4rOK7a9UpbUA7J1Op7Ozx+pfXm77IdzzA/CazOfzwWDwpdfb5VqG25MdHx9n2f0t7VppGnq9HXV9+5diaS3AqzEcDM7Pzw/pFfUvL/uXl3Ecv//tt8VtAHY5hrwDxpABXoeqqi4uLg7ypU2n0zsXKNXr9daurka+s56i1gK8XePx+DDGjR/Uuzdi3G63t/2gURR9+PBhB+fQxpABXofPB3pS++1/EkVRluXiilGtVmt7ic2yrJWmzWZzceBaawHeuse2lDkY1XweFlq78dPN7Pg4TdNms7nLNSC1FoC99vL99Vpp+lO3myTJ/UudtRYA1txfL47jn7Ks1Wo1Go3dDBFrLQCv1fKXIkdR1Ol2O51OHMer7kertQC8XVEUnZ2dPXFLcafb7Xa7P2QKVmsBOBCdbndUFIsjya00bbfb7TT9sVOwWgvA4Tg7Ozs7O7uezUII0dHRnkzBai0Ah+YVncXeZ90oANBaANBaAEBrAUBrAUBrAQCtBQCtBQCtBQC0FgC0FgDQWgDQWgDQWgBAawFAawFAawEArQU4VHmeH/YLjI6OtBaAH6nb7R72/yRqtZrWAvAjHTUacRwf6qv7KcsO+LOrVVXlXzDAq1CW5dd+v9frHdKLaqVpnudJkmgtAPtiPp8Xo9GoKF77C4kbjW63e9RoHPxH9h/cLwz+IhIUKQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==)
Pedro Henrique Batista Barbosa
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 16, n. 2, e1156, 2021
7-22
“Tianxia” denota, literalmente, todo o mundo geográfico que existe abaixo
do céu — ou o reino dos mortais. “O entendimento chinês do mundo é infinito
em espaço e tempo, com o palácio do imperador [Cidade Proibida] no centro”
(Qin 2007, 322). “Tianxia” estaria sob a área de influência do imperador chinês,
o qual possuía um mandato do céu para governar (天命 tianming). Os demais
seres abaixo do imperador deveriam subordinar-se e pagar tributos.
O objetivo maior da filosofia do “tianxia” é atingir a grande harmonia
(大同 datong), que reflete um mundo ideal de harmonia e ordem baseado na
moral e no altruísmo, inclusive entre o ser humano e a natureza (Qin 2007).
O agir moral seria a principal característica do imperador. Seu comportamento,
que serviria de exemplo a ser seguido por todos os cidadãos, envolveria cinco
virtudes principais: benevolência (仁 ren), senso do dever (义 yi), adequação
ou comedimento (礼 li), sabedoria (知 zhi) e confiabilidade (信 xin). Com base
nessas virtudes e nos ritos estabelecidos, o soberano teria legitimidade e, assim,
seria atingida a harmonia social. A ação política seria, antes de tudo, moral.
Política e moral andavam de mãos dadas, a primeira como continuação da
segunda, diferentemente da lógica realista, que as coloca em campos distintos
(Corrêa e Barbosa 2017).
Outro elemento do modelo de “tianxia” é a ordem da diferença (差序秩序
chaxu zhixu), que envolve hierarquia e desigualdade, lógica que foi incorporada
por pensadores confucianos mais tarde. A relação “não era entre animais na
selva hobbesiana, igualitária e hostil; não era entre humanos na sociedade
lockeana, igualitária e competitiva; não era ainda entre membros na cultura
kantiana, igualitária e amigável; mas era entre pais e filhos na família confuciana,
desigual, mas benigna”. O modelo tradicional chinês de governo calcava-se em
cinco formas de relacionamento — pai-filho, imperador-ministro, irmão mais
velho-irmão mais novo, marido-mulher e amigo-amigo —, em todas as quais
haveria diferenças de nível (Qin 2007).
Por causa desse modelo holístico, o sistema social existe e opera, é com base
nele que são regidas as relações entre governantes e governados. Não há, nem
é esperada, igualdade ou equidade entre súdito e soberano. É por meio dessa
ordem hierárquica que seria possível dar estabilidade e harmonia ao sistema,
garantindo sua manutenção no longo prazo (Corrêa e Barbosa 2017).
A partir das dinastias Qin (221-207 AC) e Han (206 AC-220 DC), esse modelo
foi transplantado para as relações com outros países. Surgiu o sistema tributário,
que perdurou por quase dois mil anos. Neste, o império celestial (天朝 tianchao),