![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Hoyêdo Nunes Lins; Luísa Correia Filho
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 16, n. 1, e1100, 2021
5-27
Na esteira de Bandung, a China passou a representar para a África opção
ao Ocidente quanto às interações internacionais, apesar das controvérsias. As
questões econômicas têm prevalecido nesses vínculos, refletindo sobretudo o
interesse da China por recursos naturais: por exemplo, urânio no Níger, fosfatos
no Marrocos, petróleo em Angola, Sudão e Nigéria, ouro na Líbia e no Chade,
manganês e minério de ferro na Argélia. Esse interesse repercute em investimentos
chineses em infraestruturas, principalmente, no setor energético, como em
barragens e estações hidroelétricas.
Desde o final dos anos 1990, cresceram o comércio e os investimentos chineses
implicando países africanos, no contexto da política chinesa Going Global, que
exibe portfólio de muitos projetos de infraestruturas e incentivos para promover
a internacionalização das empresas daquele país. As ações correspondentes têm
incluído financiamentos e facilitação de processos administrativos, com apoio
fiscal e empréstimos para investimentos diretos no exterior.
Contudo, não faltam críticas ao que alguns veem como neocolonialismo na
África, mostrando-se variadas as posições dos autores, como se observa em Hodzi
(2018), Xu et al. (2016), Chen (2018), Dreher et al. (2017), Jin e Gallagher (2018).
De todo modo, para vários líderes políticos africanos, a China é um “parceiro
sincero”, representando “[...] alternativa mais confiável aos investimentos mais
tradicionais, comparativamente aos países ocidentais” (Xinhua News 2018, s/p).
Isso atrai tanto mais porque (a chamada) “tragédia africana”, amargada desde
os anos 1970, tem sido atribuída às ações ocidentais, mormente dos Estados
Unidos (Arrighi 2002).
A expressão “tragédia africana”, assinale-se, não é fortuita. Nos anos 1980
e 1990, prescrições de política equivocadas, notadamente por consultores e
instituições ocidentais com atuação internacional, praticamente nada representaram
para equacionar a vertiginosa associação entre turbulências políticas e regressão
socioeconômica (The Economist 1996). Assim, perto da virada do século, quase
1/3 dos países ao sul do Saara vivenciavam guerras civis ou com vizinhos (The
Economist 1998) em meio a uma espiral de devastação econômica, corrupção e
descrédito das instituições (The Economist 2000). Naquele contexto, a posição
dos povos africanos no mapa das desigualdades de desenvolvimento, em nível
mundial, só fez crescer (Brie 1997).
A cooperação China-África apresenta duas formas básicas: a multilateral, que
abrange o conjunto dos países envolvidos nos fóruns de cooperação, e a bilateral,
exibindo relações da China com cada país. Na primeira, as relações ocorrem