![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Inserção Regional em tempos de intolerância: imigração, xenofobia e os desafios à África do Sul
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 16, n. 1, e1086, 2021
16-25
pós-Gaddafi, quando a atuação sul-africana foi marcada pela divergência com a
Nigéria, visto que Pretoria não havia aceitado o Conselho de Transição Nacional
(CTA) como legitimo representante do povo líbio, enquanto Abuja não apenas
considerou o CTA representante legitimo, como também buscou incentivar outros
países africanos a fazerem o mesmo (Landsberg 2012c).
Além dessa discordância, o distanciamento de dois protagonistas do African
Renaissance também foi motivado pela contínua dificuldade sul-africana em lidar
com a imigração, visto que, em 2012, o então ministro das Relações Exteriores
da Nigéria, Olugbenga Ashiru (2011-2013), acusou de xenofobia a deportação
de 125 nigerianos que estavam na África do Sul (Landsberg 2012c). Embora o
número tenha sido relativamente menor se comparado com o de outros países
vistos, por exemplo, durante a administração Mbeki, tal acusação impactava
na inserção regional desejada por Pretoria, pois sinalizava a continuidade do
descolamento entre a intenção da África do Sul em ser cada vez mais atuante
no continente africano e a efetivação desse objetivo.
De modo geral, a interação entre a imigração e a busca em resolver desafios
internos continuou presente ao longo da administração Zuma. Semelhantemente às
administrações anteriores, Zuma também se voltou a desafios como desemprego,
desigualdade social e acesso a serviços básicos. Inclusive, se o período Mandela
foi marcado pela criação da GEAR e Mbeki pela AsgiSA, a administração Zuma
seguiu o mesmo caminho ao criar o National Development Plan, em 2013,
iniciativa que se pauta no rompimento da pobreza e na redução da desigualdade
social existente no país (South Africa 2013). Por um lado, houve a melhora em
alguns índices, como no acesso à água potável, que passou de 58%, em 1994,
para 91%, em 2009, e na abrangência das políticas públicas, visto que, em 2015,
em torno de 17 milhões de sul-africanos eram apoiados, enquanto, em 1994,
eram 4 milhões (Cilliers e Aucoin 2016).
Por outro lado, alguns índices continuaram desafiadores para a administração
Zuma, por exemplo, a taxa da população que vivia abaixo da linha da pobreza,
pois, se, em 2011, 16,4% viviam com menos de US$ 1,9 por dia, em 2015, eram
18,9% (Gumede 2019). Tal desafio, direta ou indiretamente, relaciona-se ao PIB,
que, se entre 1994 e 2000, havia crescido, em média, 2,9% por ano e, entre 2001
e 2008, em torno de 4,2%, durante a administração Zuma, a média foi de 1,6%.
Além de influenciar na taxa da população que vivia abaixo da linha da pobreza,
o baixo crescimento da economia também refletia no desemprego, uma vez que,
entre 2011 e 2015, a taxa de desemprego variou entre 21 e 26% (World Bank 2018a).