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)
Rev. Carta Inter., Belo Horizonte, v. 15, n. 1, 2020, p. 80-103
89Ricardo Gesteira Ramos de Almeida
sociedade sem fronteiras, que normalmente se associa à ideia de intensificação
dos fluxos no processo de globalização.
A análise sobre os muros de Ceuta e Melilla, que separam a Espanha de
Marrocos, é exemplar dessa realidade. Antes da adesão da Espanha à União
Europeia, em 1986, as fortificações de separação entre os chamados enclaves
e Marrocos eram descritas como precárias ou, no mínimo, pouco relevantes
(Figueiredo 2012). Com efeito, 1986 é tido como um divisor de águas no processo
de cercamento e nas relações fronteiriças entre Espanha e Marrocos. Nos termos
analisados por Ferrer-Gallardo, o ingresso da Espanha na União Europeia traz
consigo a implicação de que os territórios espanhóis em Marrocos passam
automaticamente a significar a existência de fronteiras europeias na África
(Ferrer-Gallardo 2008), o que impõe, quase que imediatamente, nova relevância
geopolítica a essas linhas divisórias e, consequentemente, uma nova dinâmica de
cercamento, e, de modo mais amplo, a necessidade de imposição de uma nova
dinâmica dos fluxos transfronteiriços sobre tais territórios.
Essa sobreposição territorial — Espanha/Europa–Marrocos — ganha
complexidade ainda maior desde 1991, com a subscrição da Espanha ao Acordo
de Schengen
7
. Isso porque, com a abolição dos controles internos de circulação
de fronteira entre países integrantes do Espaço Schengen, foram adotados, em
contraposição, rigor extremo e maior controle das fronteiras externas dos países
membros. No caso da Espanha essa pressão se torna mais explícita, uma vez que,
como já destacado, suas posições em Ceuta e Melilla representam nada menos do
que a existência das únicas fronteiras externas da União Europeia (e do Espaço
Schengen) na África.
Diante desse novo cenário e sob pressão europeia, em 1993 a Espanha leva
a cabo o projeto de cercamento integral das duas cidades, evidentemente com
financiamento da própria União Europeia. Isso permite a substituição total das
cercas existentes desde 1991, com altura de 2,5 metros, por cercas de arame
7 Conforme descrito no website da legislação da União Europeia, “o espaço Schengen representa um território no
qual a livre circulação das pessoas é garantida. Os Estados signatários do acordo aboliram as fronteiras internas
a favor de uma fronteira externa única. Foram adoptados procedimentos e regras comuns no espaço Schengen
em matéria de vistos para estadas de curta duração, pedidos de asilos e controlos nas fronteiras externas. Em
simultâneo, e por forma a garantir a segurança no espaço Schengen, foi estabelecida a cooperação e a coordenação
entre os serviços policiais e as autoridades judiciais. A cooperação Schengen foi integrada no direito da União
Europeia pelo Tratado de Amesterdão em 1997.” (sic) (European Union 2009). Integram o Espaço Schengen:
Áustria, Bélgica, República Tcheca, Dinamarca, Estônia, Finlândia, França, Alemanha, Grécia, Hungria, Islândia,
Itália, Letônia, Liechtenstein, Lituânia, Luxemburgo, Malta, Holanda, Noruega, Polônia, Portugal, Eslováquia,
Eslovênia, Espanha, Suécia e Suíça.